WNT Signaling Pathway Research Reagents

WNT3A — The most widely used canonical WNT ligand for in vitro pathway activation. Recombinant WNT3A drives β-catenin stabilization, TCF/LEF reporter assays (TOPFlash), and intestinal organoid culture. WNT3A-conditioned medium is a standard component of stem cell and organoid growth protocols.
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WNT5A — A prototypical non-canonical WNT ligand that activates the PCP and Ca²⁺ pathways. WNT5A promotes cell migration and invasion and can act as either an oncogene or tumor suppressor depending on receptor context. Elevated WNT5A expression is associated with aggressive melanoma and gastric cancer.
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WNT1 — The founding member of the WNT family, originally identified as the Int-1 proto-oncogene in mouse mammary tumors. WNT1 is a potent activator of canonical signaling and is used in studies of neural crest development and mammary tumorigenesis.
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Frizzled (FZD) — A family of seven-transmembrane receptors (FZD1–10) that bind WNT ligands via their cysteine-rich domain (CRD). FZD receptors determine branch specificity — canonical versus non-canonical — depending on co-receptor availability and ligand identity. Recombinant FZD-CRD-Fc fusion proteins are used in WNT ligand-binding and competition assays.
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LRP6 — A single-pass transmembrane co-receptor essential for canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling. WNT-induced phosphorylation of the LRP6 intracellular domain recruits Axin to the membrane and disrupts the destruction complex. LRP6 phosphorylation (Ser1490, Thr1572) is a widely used proximal readout of canonical pathway activation.
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ROR2 — A receptor tyrosine kinase that functions as an alternative WNT receptor for non-canonical signaling, particularly in the WNT5A/PCP axis. ROR2 regulates convergent extension, limb development, and tumor cell invasion. Loss-of-function mutations in ROR2 cause brachydactyly type B and Robinow syndrome.
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β-Catenin (CTNNB1) — The central effector of canonical WNT signaling. In the absence of WNT, β-catenin is constitutively phosphorylated by the APC/Axin/GSK-3β/CK1 destruction complex and targeted for proteasomal degradation. WNT stimulation stabilizes β-catenin, enabling nuclear accumulation and TCF/LEF-dependent transcription. Gain-of-function mutations in CTNNB1 exon 3 are found in hepatoblastoma, desmoid tumors, and a subset of hepatocellular carcinomas.
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GSK-3β — A serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates β-catenin within the destruction complex, priming it for ubiquitination and degradation. GSK-3β also participates in glycogen metabolism, insulin signaling, and neurodegeneration. Small-molecule GSK-3β inhibitors (e.g., CHIR99021, LiCl) are standard tools for activating canonical WNT signaling in stem cell maintenance and reprogramming protocols.
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DKK1 (Dickkopf-1) — A secreted antagonist that blocks canonical WNT signaling by binding LRP5/6 and promoting its internalization via the Kremen co-receptor. DKK1 is a negative regulator of bone formation and is elevated in multiple myeloma-associated osteolytic lesions. Recombinant DKK1 is used as a pathway inhibitor control in WNT reporter assays and osteogenesis studies.
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R-spondin (RSPO) — A family of secreted WNT agonists (RSPO1–4) that potentiate canonical signaling by neutralizing the transmembrane E3 ligases RNF43/ZNRF3, which otherwise promote Frizzled receptor turnover. R-spondins are essential growth factors in intestinal organoid culture systems. RSPO fusions and RNF43 loss-of-function mutations are emerging oncogenic drivers in colorectal and other cancers.
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