| GLP-1 |
Semaglutide, Liraglutide |
GLP-1, an incretin hormone, promotes insulin secretion, delays gastric emptying, and suppresses appetite via the central nervous system, reducing energy intake. |
A gold standard in obesity treatment. |
| ActRII |
Bimagrumab |
Inhibiting ActRII signaling promotes muscle synthesis and preserves muscle mass. |
Provides new insights into preventing muscle loss in weight management. |
| GIP |
Tirzepatide |
GIP, another incretin hormone, synergizes with GLP-1 to enhance insulin secretion and fat metabolism. |
Dual agonists represent a key direction for future obesity treatments. |
| MC4R |
Setmelanotide |
MC4R, located in the hypothalamus, is a key appetite-regulating receptor, reducing appetite when activated. |
Setmelanotide, the first FDA-approved MC4R agonist, targets rare genetic obesity with precision. |
| Glucagon |
Cotadutide, Retatrutide |
Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis during hypoglycemia, increases blood glucose, promotes fat breakdown, fatty acid oxidation, energy expenditure, and suppresses appetite. |
GLP-1/Glucagon dual agonists and GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon triple agonists. |
| Amylin |
Pramlintide, Cagrilintide, Retatrutide |
Suppresses appetite, delays gastric emptying, and inhibits glucagon secretion. |
Retatrutide (triple agonist) incorporates the Amylin signaling pathway, achieving nearly 24% weight loss. |
| AMPK |
Metformin |
AMPK, a cellular energy sensor, promotes fat oxidation and inhibits fat synthesis and glucose production when activated. |
AMPK activators are under exploration, suitable for long-term metabolic regulation. |
| CB1 |
Rimonabant |
Central appetite regulation target; blocking it reduces appetite. |
Rimonabant was withdrawn due to psychiatric side effects. |
| FGF21 |
|
A metabolic regulatory hormone that promotes fat breakdown, thermogenesis, and improves insulin sensitivity. |
Promising new target for metabolic syndrome and obesity treatment. |
| CD47 |
|
Enhances thermogenesis and fat oxidation while suppressing obesity-related inflammation. |
A potential new target for fat loss without compromising metabolism, with multifaceted functions in energy metabolism, anti-inflammation, and insulin sensitivity. |
| UCP1 |
|
Present in brown adipose tissue, promotes thermogenesis to burn fat. |
Activating UCP1 is a new direction for boosting basal metabolism. |
